[Return to Home Page ] [Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ] [Responses To This Site ] [Related Sites ]
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©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
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PREFACE TO 1996 VERSION 2.07 ............................................................ ii
FOREWORD ................................................................................ iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................... vi
SUMMARY ................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 2
PAUL GOODROW'S STORY .................................................................. 2
OTHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION .......................................................... 2
Compartmentalization Issue .......................................................... 2
New York Seatbelt Law ............................................................... 3
New York School-bus Seatbelt Law, Brief Description................................ 3
Misleading School-bus Safety Record.................................................. 3
Seat design as Related to Seatbelts and Whiplash & Head Injuries .................... 3
Bus-Manufacturers' Lobby and History of Disinformation .............................. 4
School Officials' Position Reflects Co-opting by Bus Lobby Stand .................... 4
Obstinacy, School Officials'......................................................... 4
FEDERAL STANDARDS DO NOT REQUIRE SEATBELTS, BUT... .................................... 4
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THREE REASONS TO WEAR SEATBELTS ON ALL SCHOOL BUSES...................................... 4
SEATBELT USAGE INCREASES SAFETY........................................................ 5
Safety Improved During Rollover and Side-Impact Crashes.............................. 5
SEATBELT USAGE IMPROVES DISCIPLINE..................................................... 5
Bus drivers Become Seatbelt converts and Teach Children ............................. 5
SEATBELT USAGE IMPROVES SAFETY EDUCATION .............................................. 5
Educational Aspects, Negative ....................................................... 5
Educational Aspects, Positive ....................................................... 6
COST OF SEATBELTS........................................................................ 6
COST OF 28"-HIGH SEATBACKS ............................................................ 6
COSTS, LIABILITY ASPECTS .............................................................. 7
Schools' Responsibilities ........................................................... 7
APPENDIX A. COMPARTMENTALIZATION ........................................................ 10
CAROL FAST'S TESTIMONIAL BEFORE NASSAU COUNTY, NEW YORK, BOARD OF SUPERVISORS.......... 10
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS TESTIMONY BY J. R. ZANGA, M.D........................... 10
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD (TRB) ON COMPARTMENTALIZATION ........................... 10
NATIONAL HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION (NHTSA) ON COMPARTMENTALIZATION .... 10
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APPENDIX B. TRB SPECIAL REPORT 222, MAY 1989 ............................................ 12
TRB SPECIAL REPORT 222, REPORT SUMMARY ITSELF ......................................... 12
CRITIQUE OF TRB SPECIAL REPORT 222 .................................................... 15
APPENDIX C. ENDORSEMENTS ................................................................ 17
MEDICAL ENDORSEMENTS .................................................................. 17
American Medical Association (AMA) .................................................. 17
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) ..................................... 17
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ................................................ 17
American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) ...................................... 17
Society for Adolescent Medicine (SAM) ............................................... 17
American Assoc. Oral, Maxillofacial Surg. (AAOMS) ................................... 17
OTHER ENDORSEMENTS .................................................................... 18
Endorsements of National PTA Convention, 1985 ....................................... 18
National Safety Town Center (NSTC) Endorsement ...................................... 18
Center for Auto Safety (CAS) Endorsement ............................................ 18
National School Safety Center (NSSC) Endorsement .................................... 19
New Jersey Board of Education Endorsement ........................................... 19
APPENDIX D. TESTIMONIALS ................................................................ 20
ARDSLEY, NEW YORK, BUS-DRIVER'S TESTIMONIAL ........................................... 20
ZANGA, JOSEPH R., M.D., TESTIMONIAL ................................................... 20
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APPENDIX E.STUDIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................. 22
STUDIES/RECOMMENDATIONS NOT SUPPORTING NEED FOR A SCHOOL-BUS-SEATBELT MANDATE ......... 22
National School Transportation Association (NSTA) position .......................... 22
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Position ................................ 22
National Transportation Safety Board Recommendations to Governors, 1983 ............. 23
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Speech to National Safety Congress ...... 25
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), No Seatbelt Mandate ......... 26
TRB Special Report 222, Brief Comment ............................................... 30
CANADIAN STUDY ........................................................................ 30
CANADIAN-STUDY EXCERPTS ............................................................. 30
CANADIAN STUDY CRITIQUES ............................................................ 31
NCSSB CRITIQUE OF CANADIAN STUDY .................................................. 31
STUDIES/RECOMMENDATIONS SUPPORTING NEED FOR A SCHOOL-BUS-SEATBELT MANDATE ............. 33
Study supporting belts on buses: UCLA, 1967 ......................................... 33
UCLA, 1967, More excerpts from the Same Work ........................................ 33
UCSD & Automobile Club of So. California, 1971 ...................................... 34
Grand-Jury Report, Queens, 1977 ..................................................... 35
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Press Release, 27 August 1982 ........... 35
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Levy Report, New York State, April 1986 ............................................. 35
Transport Canada Study, Levy Report ............................................... 35
Critique of Canadian Study, University of Michigan ................................ 36
Statistical Record ................................................................ 36
Accident Potential, Always Present ................................................ 37
Is relative safety good enough? ................................................... 38
Need for Legislative Action, Before a Tragedy Occurs .............................. 37
Special Safety Measures Taken by New York State ................................... 37
Standees on School Buses .......................................................... 37
Findings and Conclusions, Levy Report ............................................. 37
Recommendations, Levy Report ...................................................... 38
APPENDIX F.LEGALITIES ................................................................... 40
HUERTA, BECKMAN, RODRIGUES & MUÑOS, ATTORNEYS ......................................... 40
SHERMAN AND HOWARD, ATTORNEYS ......................................................... 40
OREGON PARENTS HOLD BOARD MEMBERS LIABLE .............................................. 42
APPENDIX G.GUIDELINES TO SEATBELT IMPLEMENTATION ........................................ 43
INSTALLATION AND RETROFITTING ......................................................... 43
NCSSB Suggestions ................................................................... 43
Physicians for Automotive Safety (PAS) Suggestions .................................. 43
STATE LEGISLATION, GENERIC EXAMPLE .................................................... 43
INDEX ................................................................................... 44
[Return to Home Page ]
[Title Page ]
[Preface to 1996 Edition ]
[About the Author ]
[Foreword to 1990 Edition ]
[Main Body ]
[Appendix A. Compartmentalization ]
[Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ]
[Appendix C. Endorsements ]
[Appendix D. Testimonials ]
[Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ]
[Appendix F. Legalities ]
[Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation]
[INDEX ]
[Responses To This Site ]
[Related Sites ] Although this site is under development, the 105,591-Byte document [SEATBELT.ZIP] upon which it will be based can be downloaded, permitting you to format it to your own liking.
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 29 September 1996. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This document may be freely transmitted in its entirety, so long as no monies are earned during the transaction/s. Permission is required for any and all other pertinent circumstances. ---------------------------------- page break --------------------------------- (Metering for this page begun 3 September 1996.)
