------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 55 of 79
Page 45
#
1967 recognition of value, high seat backs, seatbelts ................................. 34 1971 study, UCSD and Automobile Club of So. Cal. ...................................... 35 1971 study, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) ................................ 4 1977, April, school bus manufacture requirements ...................................... 25 1977, pre-, buses should be replaced .................................................. 31 1978 NHTSA study, head injury levels not critical ..................................... 10 222 seat design designed for front-end crashes ....................................... 33 222, Special Report, TRB ............................................................. 16 28" seat-back height law ............................................................ 21 28-inch seat backs = "New York type" ................................................ 29
A
AAAM (American Association for Automotive Medicine) ................................... 4 AAOMS (Am. Assoc. Oral, Maxillofacial Surg.) .......................................... 18 AAOS (Am. Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons) ............................................ 18 AAOS (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons) ........................................ 43 AAP (Am. Acad. Pediatrics), re dangling children ...................................... 30 AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) .................................................. 10, 18, 21, 22, 43 AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) .................................................. 18 AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) .................................................. 18 AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) .............................................. 10, 18, 21, 22, 43 AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) .................................................. 21 AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) .................................................. 21 AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) .................................................. 22 AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) .................................. 10, 18, 21, 22, 43 AAP (American Pediatrics Association) ................................................. 39 AAPHP (Am Assoc. Public Health Physicians) ............................................ 18 ACP (American Academy of Pediatrics) .................................................. 4 ACPM (American College of Preventive Medicine) .................................... 18, 43 ACPM (American College of Preventive Medicine) ........................................ 18, 43 AMA (American Medical Association) .................................................... 18, 43 AMA (American Medical Association) ................................................ 18, 43 Abdominal injuries .................................................................... 4 Abdominal injury from seatbelt? Passenger would have died, without one ............... 5 Abdominal injury, possible, from lap belts? ........................................... 30 Absence of restraint systems contributes to injuries & deaths ......................... 35 Absence of seatbelts .................................................................. 8 Accident data are scarce .............................................................. 23 Accident data, 1967-1983, NTSB ........................................................ 24 Accident data, 1967-1983, NTSB2 ....................................................... 24 Accident data ......................................................................... 26 Accident reporting needed by school officials ......................................... 23 Accident statistics ................................................................... 25, 26 Accident statistics ............................................................... 25, 26 Accident study, NTSB, injuries, post-1977 buses ....................................... 27 Accident, 1979 school bus, seatbelts saved lives ...................................... 26 Accident, Yuba, CA 26 dead ............................................................ 16 Accident, story of Paul Goodrow ....................................................... 2 Accidents can not be totally avoided .................................................. 38 Accidents due to sharp turns .......................................................... 6[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]
[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 56 of 79
Page 46
Accidents due to swerving sharply ..................................................... 6 Accidents, Type I school buses, breakdown by accident type ............................ 28 Accidents, activity, school-bus, 50% of fatalities .................................... 28 Accidents, an ever-present danger, despite districts' good records .................... 38 Accidents, front-end .................................................................. 10 Accidents, overturns, dangling children ............................................... 18 Accidents, rear-end .............................................................. 5, 10 Accidents, rear-end ................................................................... 10 Accidents, rollover, very young children .............................................. 5 Accidents, rollover ................................................................... 5, 10 Accidents, school bus, majority are minor ............................................. 27 Accidents, school-bus, 1983 ........................................................... 27 Accidents, unreported, cf. Carol Fast ................................................. 28 Accountability for past inaction, school boards' ...................................... 31 Action for Child Transportation Safety ................................................ 6 Active opposition to seatbelts on school buses ........................................ 21 Activity accidents, school-bus, 50% of fatalities ..................................... 28 Activity-bus accidents often go unreported ............................................ 28 Adjustability, belt, recommendations (NCSSB) .......................................... 44 Affordability of seat belts ........................................................... 6 After-market installation of seatbelts ................................................ 21 After-market seatbelt installation .................................................... 25 Against seatbelts? Who?! .............................................................. 23 Aircraft seatbelts, lap type .......................................................... 28 Aisle belt buckles should be the same type ............................................ 44 Alternatives to lap belts ............................................................. 40 Am. Acad. Pediatrics (AAP), re dangling children ...................................... 30 Am. Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) ............................................ 18 Am. Assoc. Oral, Maxillofacial Surg. (AAOMS) .......................................... 18 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ...................................... 4, 10, 18, 21, 22, 43 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) .............................................. 4, 10, 18, 21, 22, 43 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ...................................... 4, 10, 18, 21, 22, 43 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) .................................................. 18 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) .................................................. 4, 10, 18, 21, 22, 43 American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) ........................................ 43 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) .............................. 4, 10, 18, 21, 22, 43 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) .................................. 4, 10, 18, 21, 22, 43 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) .................................................. 21 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) .................................................. 21 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) .......................................... 4, 10, 18, 21, 22, 43 American Association for Automotive Medicine (AAAM) ................................... 4 American Association of Public Health Physicians ...................................... 18 American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) ........................................ 18, 43 American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) .................................... 18, 43 American Medical Association (AMA) .................................................... 18, 43 American Medical Association (AMA) ................................................ 18, 43 American Pediatrics Association (AAP) ................................................. 39 Amortization of seatbelt cost, over bus life .......................................... 6 Anchorages, seatbelt .................................................................. 23 Anxiety produced by lack of belts in school buses ..................................... 39 Ardsley, New York, Ardsley Union school district ...................................... 21 Are monitors really necessary on School buses? ........................................ 5
------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 57 of 79
Page 47
Are school-bus monitors really necessary? ............................................. 5 Arguments against seat belts on school buses .......................................... 35 Arguments against seatbelts, emotional ................................................ 35 Arguments, unsupported ................................................................ 18 Armrests and seatbacks, design ........................................................ 35 Armrests provide important lateral restraint .......................................... 35 Associations, medical, misquoted and misrepresented ................................... 4 Automobile Club of Southern Calif. study, 1971 ........................................ 35 Automobile Club of So. Calif. ......................................................... 35 Availability, seatbelt ................................................................ 7 Availability/nonavailability of seat belts ............................................ 6 Awards, court, for damages ............................................................ 41
B
Barriers, front-seat, requirement ..................................................... 25 Bayer, A.R., "School Bus Passenger Seat and Lap Belt Sled Tests," DOT HS-804 985 ...... 31 Behavior, disruptive .................................................................. 20 Belt a kid! ........................................................................... 8 Belt-buckle recommendations, light-weight ............................................. 44 Bias, statistical, Canadian tests ..................................................... 37 Bill/s, seatbelt ...................................................................... 3 Billing school boards for children's insurance? ....................................... 41 Black-and-white views of children ..................................................... 22 Blue Bird Company ..................................................................... 21 Board of Education endorsement, New Jersey ............................................ 20 Boards of Education, local PTAs a lobby ............................................... 19 Bradley, Senator Bill ................................................................. 4 Brian, Gary and Sue Brian, hold school-board members liable ........................... 43 Buckle position recommended for young children ........................................ 44 Bus driver's testimonial .............................................................. 21 Bus drivers ........................................................................... 5 Bus manufacturers are against seatbelts ............................................... 23 Bus-contractors' responsibilities ..................................................... 7 Bus-industry lobbying ................................................................. 4 Buses don't move without all seatbelts fastened ....................................... 36 Buses, large .......................................................................... 8
C
CAS (Center for Adult Safety) ......................................................... 43 CAS (Center for Auto Safety) .......................................................... 19 CAS (Center for Auto Safety) .......................................................... 19 CCS (Coalition for Child Safety) ...................................................... 19 Can seats be moved apart, on older buses, cost effectively? ........................... 31 Canadian study ........................................................................ 22 Canadian Study, New York Sen. N. J. Levy's Committee's view ........................... 36 Canadian study compared to East Liberty, Ohio, study .................................. 33 Canadian study compared to UCLA study ................................................. 33 Canadian study critiqued by Univ. Michigan ............................................ 37 Canadian study critiqued by ?Carol Fast? .............................................. 32 Canadian study ignores rollovers (50% of fatalities), altogether! ..................... 32 Canadian study's test procedures challenged ........................................... 2 Canadian study, 1984, Canadian Ministry?, Dept. Transp.? .............................. 31 Canadian study, 30 mph crash force unrealistically high ............................... 32 Canadian study, NCSSB critique of ..................................................... 32 Canadian study, VIEW WITH CAUTION! .................................................... 32[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]
[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 58 of 79
Page 48
Canadian study, bus sizes, 3 .......................................................... 32 Canadian study, challenge to statistical validity ..................................... 31 Canadian study, excerpts .............................................................. 32 Canadian study .................................................................... 21, 22 Canadian study ........................................................................ 22 Canadian test designed to go against seatbelt usage, Type I buses ..................... 33 Canadian test is misleading! .......................................................... 32 Canadian test of head-injury criteria (HIC) ........................................... 32 Canadian test of seat spacing ......................................................... 32 Canadian test result summary .......................................................... 32 Canadian test results, tabulated ...................................................... 33 Canadian test supports compartmentalization ........................................... 32 Canadian test was biased, says A. W. Siegel, physicist ................................ 2 Canadian test, crash forces too high .................................................. 33 Canadian test, dummy too stiff, worst-possible height ................................. 33 Canadian test, dummy size chosen, 5th percentile female ............................... 32 Canadian test: Don't use seatbelts on large school buses .............................. 32 Canadian tests, another critique, New York State ...................................... 36 Carol Fast: About 50% of accidents go unreported ...................................... 28 Carry-over of using bus belts to use in cars .......................................... 24 Ceiling, children hanging from ........................................................ 18 Center for Adult Safety (CAS) ......................................................... 43 Center for Auto Safety (CAS) .......................................................... 19 Center for Auto Safety (CAS) .......................................................... 19 Center for the Environment and Man, Inc. .............................................. 25 Characteristics, design, strength, seats .............................................. 21 Chassis separation, is it desirable in big crash? ..................................... 27 Chest accelerations needed to produce serious injury .................................. 33 Chest-acceleration levels ............................................................. 37 Child and Adolescent Emergency Unit ................................................... 21, 22 Child and Adolescent Emergency Unit ................................................... 10, 21 Child safety seats .................................................................... 24 Child safety .......................................................................... 20, 22 Child safety ...................................................................... 20, 22 Children can teach parents to use seatbelts 34 Children rapidly trained by drivers .... 36 Children rapidly trained by drivers ................................................... ?? Children see issues in black and white ................................................ 22 Children should be kept in their places ............................................... 4 Children's Medical Center ......................................................... 10, 21 Children's Medical Center ............................................................. 10, 21 Children, end users of buses .......................................................... 8 Choice available to school administrations ............................................ 4 Choices to be made by school-bus industry ............................................. 4 Coalition for Child Safety (CCS) ...................................................... 19 Color coding of seatbelts recommended (NCSSB) ......................................... 44 Color coding of seatbelts ............................................................. 44 Coloradans for Seat Belts on School Buses ............................................. 41 Common-carrier liabilities ............................................................ 41 Compartmentalization alone is not safe enough! ........................................ ?? Compartmentalization, New York State, Levy ............................................ 38 Compartmentalization ............................................................... 10, 18, 30, 31, 32
[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 59 of 79
Page 49
Compartmentalization alone is not safe enough! ........................................ 27 Compartmentalization alone will not do ................................................ 5 Compartmentalization is all you need! cf. Canadian test ............................... 32 Compartmentalization, defined for testing purposes .................................... 31 Compartmentalization .................................................................. 32 Compartmentalization .................................................. 10, 18, 30, 31, 32 Compartmentalization, NHTSA position, 1977 ............................................ 10 Compartmentalization = restraint systems! ............................................. 10 Compartmentalization ...................................................... 10, 18, 30, 31, 32 Compartmentalization .......................................................... 10, 18, 30, 31, 32 Compartmentalization: Why not in airplanes, if so good? ............................... 30 Compartmentalization has not reduced injuries ......................................... 10 Compartmentalization, containment ..................................................... 31 Compartmentalization, seat 222 ........................................................ 33 Compartmentalization .................................................................. 10, 21 Compartmentalization, Canadian test ................................................... 33 Compartmentalization .................................................................. 10 Compartmentalization .............................................................. 10, 18, 30, 31, 32 Computerized search of bus-related cases .............................................. 41 Concentration, driver ................................................................. 20 Concern over school bus safety is intense at NTSB ..................................... 24 Conjectural estimates of safety added by belts in Type I buses ........................ 28 Construction requirements for new buses ............................................... 18 Construction requirements, post-1977 school buses ..................................... 23 Construction standards, minimum, federal .............................................. 19 Construction, bus, cause of injuries .................................................. 36 Construction, school bus requirements, April '77 ...................................... 25 Construction, seat ................................................................ 18, 19, 21 Construction, seat .................................................................... 18, 19, 21 Construction, seat ............................................................ 18, 19, 21 Construction, seats support belts, post-1977 .......................................... 25 Construction, seats ................................................................... 3 Control, driver, improved with seatbelt usage ......................................... 44 Cost ($) too great to retrofit? ....................................................... 35 Cost competition, a factor to be recognized ........................................... 31 Cost competition: Various safety aspects compete for same dollar ...................... 30 Cost effectiveness of seatbelts, a red-herring distraction ............................ 31 Cost factor given as reason for opposition to seatbelts on school buses ............... 39 Cost increase: none, due to installation of seatbelts on school buses ................. 7 Cost is a central issue, in the school-bus seatbelt discussion ........................ 29 "Cost is not the issue, we have the funds ... available!" -- Amphi's Dr. Don Scott .... 16 Cost of 28"-high seat backs ........................................................... 6 Cost of football helmets v. cost of seatbelts ......................................... 6 Cost of liability insurance might be reduced ... with seatbelt usage on school buses .. 7 Cost of moving seats further apart on older buses, prohibitive? ....................... 31 Cost of replacing pre-1977 vehicles ................................................... 31 Cost of seatbelts is less than cost of monitors ....................................... 17 Cost of seatbelts ..................................................................... 6 Cost per bus for seatbelts ............................................................ 3 Cost per seatbelt = about $1.00 per year per child .................................... 16 Cost per seatbelt = about $1.00 per year per child 16 Cost per year ... , New York .... 3
------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 60 of 79
Page 50
Cost reduction would result from state mandate for school-bus seatbelts ............... 39 Cost should be the issue in absolutely no school district in the U.S.! ................ 16 Cost, human suffering ................................................................. 6 Cost, measures of, dollars v. lives ................................................... 29 Cost, retrofitting seats with extra padding ........................................... 39 Cost, seatbelt, amortized ............................................................. 6 Cost, seatbelt, minimal ............................................................... 34 Cost, seatbelt ........................................................................ 39 Cost, seatbelts, $300 per bus, says NSTA .............................................. 23 Cost, seatbelts, low .................................................................. 34 Cost, seatbelts, per child per year ................................................... 6 Cost, seatbelts, per bus, $140-$180, if state-mandated ................................ 39 Costs of seatbelts compared to costs of liability if none ............................. 6 Costs, experimental--limit to good testing? ........................................... 22 Costs, insurance ...................................................................... 6 Costs, medical ........................................................................ 6 Costs, seatbelt ....................................................................... 6 Crash protection, restraints, Federal standards ....................................... 25 Crash studies ......................................................................... 3 Crash/accident, front-end, high-speed ................................................. 21 Crashes, front-end .................................................................... 10 Crashes, rollovers .................................................................... 10 Credibility of TRBSR222 is questioned on humanistic grounds ........................... 17 Cross-chest belts are separate from lap belts, make a 4-point system .................. 35 Cross-chest belts are not the same as 3-point belts ................................... 35 Cross-chest belts too questionable to warrant consideration ........................... 35 Cross-chest seatbelt not recommended .................................................. 35 Curricula, school, seatbelt usage ..................................................... 44
D
Danger levels ......................................................................... 10 Danger of seatbelts across aisle ...................................................... 30 Dangling children are worse than dangling participles ................................. 18 Dangling children, Am. Acad. Pediatrics (AAP) ......................................... 30 Dangling children, potential problem of ............................................... 30 Data lacking to determine seatbelt effectiveness, large buses ......................... 28 Data, accident ........................................................................ 26 Data, not enough to permit an informed decision? ...................................... 28 Death rates, annual, prior to 1983 .................................................... 23 Deaths and injuries due to lack of seatbelts .......................................... 35 Deaths: See also Fatalities ........................................................... 35 Delay seatbelts until federal guidelines? ............................................. 19 Delays to bus schedule due to seatbelt fastening? ..................................... 36 Design and construction of school buses studied ....................................... 21 Design characteristics, seat, strength ................................................ 21 Design safety standards, school bus ................................................... 10 Difficult for young kids to use belts? ................................................ 21 Dimensional requirements .............................................................. 25 Disagreements about cost, liability, education ........................................ 2 Disciplinary aspects of seatbelt usage ................................................ 20 Discipline improved due to seatbelt usage ............................................. 21 Discipline problems increased by seatbelts? ........................................... 35 Discipline problems reduced by seatbelt usage ......................................... 5[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]
------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 61 of 79
Page 51
Discipline ............................................................................ 21 Disinformation, Transportation Research Board (TRB) ................................... 10 Disinformation ........................................................................ 10, 21 Disinformation .................................................................... 10, 21 Disruptive behavior ................................................................... 20 Doctors misquoted and misrepresented .................................................. 4 Dozing children kept on seats by belts ................................................ 36 Driver and pupil safety training ...................................................... 24 Driver concentration .................................................................. 20 Driver control improved with seatbelt usage ........................................... 44 Driver seatbelt is required on school buses ........................................... 25 Driver seatbelts ...................................................................... 24 Driver training, improved, needed ..................................................... 30 Driver's testimonial, school bus ...................................................... 21 Drivers can effectively enforce seatbelt usage ........................................ 5 Drivers commonly lose control in accidents ............................................ 27 Drivers not wearing belts threaten others' lives ...................................... 25, 26 Drivers not wearing belts threaten others' lives .................................. 25, 26 Drivers wrote safety pamphlet, Greenburgh, New York ................................... 5 Drivers, bus .......................................................................... 5 Drivers, school bus, should wear their belts ...................................... 25, 26 Drivers, school bus, should wear their belts .......................................... 25, 26 Dummies improperly belted, Canadian test .............................................. 2 Duty to protect those who are defenseless ............................................. 7 Duty to provide reasonable safety ..................................................... 42
E
East Liberty, Ohio study referenced, Canadian study critique .......................... 33 Education, negative ............................................................ 4, 5, 22 Education, negative ................................................................ 5, 6, 22 Education, negative ............................................................ 5, 6, 22 Education, negative ................................................................... 5, 6, 22 Educational aspects of using seatbelts on buses ....................................... 34 Educational aspects of seatbelt usage ................................................. 21, 22 Educational aspects of seatbelt usage ............................................. 21, 22 Educational aspects of using school-bus seatbelts ..................................... 24 Educational aspects of using belts on school buses .................................... 28 Educational aspects, seatbelt usage ................................................... 4 Educational aspects, school-bus seatbelt use .......................................... 34 Educational potential ................................................................. 22 Educational value ..................................................................... 22 Effects of the school-bus manufacturers lobby ......................................... 23 Effects of the transportation lobby ................................................... 23 Ejection from seat, fatal ............................................................. 2 Ejection from seat: is your child protected? .......................................... 33 Ejection from seat .................................................................... 35 Ejection of passengers from buses during accidents .................................... 28 Ejection, effects of .................................................................. 35 Ejections from seats commonly cause injuries .......................................... 2 Ejections per fatality, passenger cars v. school buses ................................ 29 Electro-mechanical sensors needed ..................................................... 30 Element of human suffering ............................................................ 6 Emergency exits, roof hatches ......................................................... 38[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]
------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 62 of 79
Page 52
Emergency latches/supports may need improvement ....................................... 27 Emotional arguments against seatbelts ................................................. 35 Encouragement of seatbelt usage ....................................................... 7 Endorsement, New Jersey Board of Education ............................................ 20 Endorsements, medical ................................................................. l8 Endorsements, medical ................................................................. l8 Endorsements, medical ............................................................. l4, 18 Endorsements, medical ................................................................. l8 Endorsements, medical ................................................................. l8 Endorsements, medical ................................................................. l8 Endorsements, medical and other ....................................................... 43 Endorsements, medical ................................................................. l8 Endorsements, medical ................................................................. l8 Endorsements, medical ................................................................. l8 Endorsements, medical ................................................................. 4, 18 Endorsements, medical ................................................................. l8 Endorsements, medical ............................................................. l4, 18 Endorsements ...................................................................... 18, 19, 20 Endorsements .......................................................................... 18, 19, 20 Endorsements ...................................................................... 18, 19, 20 Endorsements .................................................................. 18, 19, 20 Enforcement of seatbelt usage by drivers .............................................. 5 Enforcement/monitoring of seatbelt usage .............................................. 7 Entrapment of children by seatbelts ................................................... 18 Equipment, special, electro-mechanical sensors needed ................................. 30 Equipment, special, need for .......................................................... 30 Escrow fund for people to support installation of school-bus seatbelts ................ 16 Escrow funds, to receive parental contributions for safety features ................... 8 Example, generic, state legislation ................................................... 44 Excerpt of Canadian-study report summary .............................................. 31 Exits, emergency; and roof hatches .................................................... 38 Experiment, side-impact, armrests ..................................................... 35 Experimental design, proper ........................................................... 22 Extrapolation, dangers of ............................................................. 22
F
FARS (Fatal Accident Reporting System) ................................................ 28 FARS (Fatal Accident Reporting System), NHTSA ......................................... 24 FARS (NHTSA's Fatal Accident Reporting System) ........................................ 24 FARS (NHTSA's Fatal Accident Reporting System) ........................................ 24 FMVSS #222 ............................................................................ 21 FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards) ........................................ 24 FMVSS 222 ............................................................................. 10 Face masks ............................................................................ 42 Fad, parental concerns are not a ...................................................... 8 Failure to install belts creates liability ............................................ 41 Falls into aisle are common ........................................................... 27 Fast, Carol, NCSSB founder ............................................................ 2 Fast, Carol ............................................................... 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 Fast, Carol ..................................................................... 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 Fast, Carol ............................................................... 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 Fast, Carol ......................................................................... 5 Fast, Carol ........................................................................... 3, 4, 5, 6, 8[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]
------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 63 of 79
Page 53
Fast, Carol .................................................................. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 Fast, Carol ......................................................................... 4 Fastening positions, recommended (NCSSB) .............................................. 44 Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) ................................................ 28 Fatal accidents, Type I school buses, front-end crashes ............................... 30 Fatal accidents, Type I school buses, side impacts .................................... 30 Fatal accidents, Type I school buses, rollovers ....................................... 30 Fatal school-bus accident a freak? .................................................... 2 Fatalities during loading and unloading ............................................... 30 Fatalities, 1%, in injury-producing accidents ......................................... 24 Fatalities, bus-related: Most occur outside bus ....................................... 30 Fatalities, front-end, Type I, rollover-related, 35.3% ................................ 29 Fatalities, front-end among Type I front-enders, 55.3% ................................ 29 Fatalities, rollover-related, Type I school buses, 50.0% .............................. 29 Fatalities, school bus, outside of buses .............................................. 24 Fatalities, side-impact-related, Type I, 14.7% ........................................ 29 Fatalities, when do they gain "priority status" in U.S.? .............................. 29 Fatalities: See also Deaths ........................................................... 35 Fatality statistics, school-bus accidents, FARS ....................................... 28 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) .................................... 24, 26 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 222 ............................................. 25 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard #222 ............................................ 21 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) ........................................ 24, 26 Federal mandate lacking for school-bus seatbelts ...................................... 19 Federal requirement lacking for school-bus seatbelts .................................. 19 Federal school-bus-safety standards need expansion .................................... 2 Federal standard ...................................................................... 23 Federal standards, occupant restraints ................................................ 25 Field-trip and sporting-event injuries often unreported ............................... 28 Findings and Conclusions, Levy Report, New York State ................................. 38 Fingers caught in belt buckles? ....................................................... 20 Fingers caught in belt buckles? ....................................................... 20 Fire potential in overturned buses too high ........................................... 27 Fire--can young children escape if belted? ............................................ 36 Football-helmet costs compared to seatbelt costs ...................................... 6 Forgiving Window structures ........................................................... 27 Forward-facing seat requirement ....................................................... 25 Fraudulent use of liability to avoid seatbelts ........................................ 41 Front-end crash ....................................................................... 21 Front-end crashes ..................................................................... 10 Front-enders with loaded semis -- most frequent! ...................................... 26 Fundamental flaw in logic of TRB Special Report 222 ................................... 17
G
Good safety record for school buses ................................................... 37 Goodrow, 1975-1986 .................................................................... 2 Goss, John I., Director of District Operations, Marana Unified Schools ............ 29, 34, 35 Goss, John I., Director of District Operations, Marana Unified Schools ........ 29, 34, 35 Goss, John I., Director of District Operations, Marana Unified Schools ................ 29, 34, 35 Greenburgh Central School District, New York .......................................... 6 Greenburgh, New York .................................................................. 5 Greenburgh, New York, bus drivers wrote safety pamphlet ............................... 5 Guidelines, PAS, to better bus-passenger protection ................................... 44[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]
------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 64 of 79
Page 54
Guidelines, States, NHTSA, transportation safety ...................................... 24 Guidelines, lack of federal, belt installation ........................................ 19 Guidelines, seatbelt, NCSSB ........................................................... 30
H
H-point, seat spacing ................................................................. 34 H.R. 3305 ............................................................................. 19 H.R. 5511 ............................................................................. 18 H.R. 749 .............................................................................. 20 HIC (Head Injury Criteria) ............................................................ 37 HIC needed to produce serious injury .................................................. 33 HIC readings, Canadian study, widely criticized ....................................... 33 HR-4187 ............................................................................... 5 HSPS (Highway Safety Program Standard) ................................................ 24 Habit of riding secured, school bus anomaly ........................................... 22 Habits of belt usage .................................................................. 6 Habitual seatbelt usage ............................................................... 6 Habituation to seatbelt usage ......................................................... 6, 34 Habituation to seatbelt usage ..................................................... 6, 34 Haller, Dr. J. Alex, Johns Hopkins Hospital ........................................... 5 Hatches, roof; and emergency exits .................................................... 38 Hazards associated with seatbelts, potential .......................................... 30 Head Injury Criteria (HIC) ............................................................ 37 Head accelerations increased by lap belts ............................................. 31 Head accelerations reduced when Blue Bird bus floor failed ............................ 31 Head injuries increased, due to lap-belt usage, Canadian study ........................ 31 Head injuries predominate from glass impact ... ....................................... 27 Head injuries ......................................................................... 10 Head injury levels not critical, 1978 NHTSA study ..................................... 10 Head-acceleration increase from lap belts can be insignificant ........................ 31 Head-injury criteria, HIC, Canadian test .............................................. 32 Head-injury increase due to lap belts? Doctors dispute ................................ 31 Hearings, public, required ............................................................ 3 Heights of seat backs ................................................................. 21 Helmets ............................................................................... 42 High seats encourage standees, if no belts ............................................ 5 Higher seat backs, cost of ............................................................ 6 Higher seat backs ..................................................................... 19 Highway Accident Division, NTSB ....................................................... 27 Highway Safety Program Standard (HSPS) ................................................ 24 How would you grade your school board? ................................................ 8, 33 How would you grade your school board? ............................................ 8, 33 Huerta, Beckman, Rodrigues & Munos .................................................... 41 Human suffering element ............................................................... 6 Humanism v. science: A question of perspective and credibility ........................ 17
I
If 'twere to err, 'twere best to err on the side of safety! ........................... 11 Ignored information ................................................................... 10 Illinois school officials' problems getting students to wear belts .................... 6 Impact, side .......................................................................... 33 Importance of seatbelts stressed to students .......................................... 7 Impression of jury if no safety equipment ............................................. 42 Improperly belted dummies, Canadian test .............................................. 2[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]
------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 65 of 79
Page 55
Inconsistency noted, TRBSR222 ......................................................... 16 Incredible opposition to school-bus seatbelts ......................................... 21 Individual liability of school-board members .......................................... 43 Injuries & deaths are caused by absence of seatbelts .................................. 35 Injuries and deaths due to lack of seatbelts .......................................... 35 Injuries are not all reported! ........................................................ 28 Injuries from low seat backs, whiplash ................................................ 3 Injuries increased by ejections ....................................................... 35 Injuries minor/moderate = about 90% ................................................... 24 Injuries reduced just because of heavily padded seats? ................................ 3 Injuries to school bus users, annual, NSC data ........................................ 24 Injuries, abdominal ................................................................... 4 Injuries, head ........................................................................ 10 Injuries, internal, due to seatbelts .................................................. 5 Injuries, spinal ...................................................................... 10 Injuries, throat ...................................................................... 10 Injury due to pivoting about lap belt? ................................................ 10 Injury protection ..................................................................... 6 Injury reduction due to 1977 standards ................................................ 25 Injury severity is being reduced ...................................................... 27 Injury, head, criteria, HIC, Canadian test ............................................ 32 Injury, to undeveloped bodies ......................................................... 18 Installation guidelines (NCSSB) for seatbelts ......................................... 44 Installation of seatbelts supported by NTSB! .......................................... 25 Installation of seatbelts on new buses ................................................ 28 Installation, belt, proper ............................................................ 7 Installation, seatbelt, after-market .................................................. 21 Installation, seatbelt, after-market .................................................. 25 Installation, seatbelt, after-market .................................................. 25 Instruction in seatbelt usage ......................................................... 44 Instruction of students in seatbelt usage ............................................. 7 Instruction, belt usage, if belts installed ........................................... 25 Instruction, seatbelt usage ........................................................... 3 Insufficient data ..................................................................... 27 Insurance costs ....................................................................... 6 Insurance, liability: possibility for reduced costs, with seatbelts .................. 7 Inter-seat interactions reduced by high seats ........................................ 21 Internal injuries from seatbelts ...................................................... 5, 18 Internal injuries from seatbelts .................................................. 5, 18 Interpretations of same studies do vary ............................................... 21 Irony of taking first unrestrained ride in a school bus! .............................. 2 Is it better "to contract busing out"? ................................................ 30
J
Jacobs, Ms. M. E., Chief, Hwy. Acc. Div., NTSB27 Johns Hopkins Hospital ............... 5 Johns Hopkins Hospital................................................................. 5
K
Kostmayer, Peter H., Pa. Representative ............................................... 18 Kostmayer, Rep. Peter H. .............................................................. 20, 22 Kostmayer, Rep. Peter H. .......................................................... 20, 22
L
LCCTC (Legislative Commission on Critical Transportation Choices), New York State . 7, 38, 39, 40 LCCTC (Legislative Commission on Critical Transportation Choices), NY State ... 7, 38, 39, 40 LCCTC (Legislative Commission on Critical Transportation Choices), New York State ..... 38 LCCTC (Legislative Commission on Critical Transportation Choices), NY State 7, 38, 39, 40[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]
[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 66 of 79
Page 56
LCCTC (Legislative Commission on Critical Transportation Choices), New York State ..... 39 LCCTC, Levy p. 31: "The elimination of standees on school buses" ...................... 38 Lack of data ironically prevents seat-belts ........................................... 23 Lack of regard for educational aspects, belt use ...................................... 27 Lack of training for drivers who teach students ....................................... 36 Lamb, Bill, Ardsley, New York, bus-driver's testimonial ............................... 21 Lap belts cause faces & heads to hit seatbacks more forcefully? ....................... 30 Lateral collisions put children at great risk ......................................... 6 Lateral restraint of armrests is important ............................................ 35 Law suits, potential for .............................................................. 4 Law, 28" seat-back height ............................................................. 21 Laws, seatbelt ........................................................................ 3 Legal opinion, liability .............................................................. 7 Legal opinion, summary ................................................................ 42 Legal opinion/s ....................................................................... 41 Legal opinion ......................................................................... 7, 41 Legal opinion ..................................................................... 7, 41 Legislation, federal/state ............................................................ 22 Legislation, generic example, state ................................................... 44 Legislation, seatbelt ................................................................. 21 Legislation, state .................................................................... 3 Legislative Commission on Critical Transportation Choices (LCCTC), NY State ....... 37, 38, 39, 40 Legislative Commission on Critical Transportation Choices (LCCTC), NY State ... 37, 38, 39, 40 Legislative Commission on Critical Transportation Choices (LCCTC), NY State 37, 38, 39, 40 Legislative Commission on Critical Transportation Choices (LCCTC), New York State ..... 39 Legislative Commission on Critical Transportation Choices (LCCTC), New York State ..... 37, 38, 39, 40 Legislative response may be too late to avert a tragedy ............................... 38 Letter to NY Sen. N. J. Levy, from John D. States, M.D., 23 December 1985 ............. 36 Levy Report Findings and Conclusions, New York State .................................. 38 Levy, Norman J., April 1986 Report to New York State Legislature ...................... 36 Levy, Norman, New York, Senate sponsor, belt law ...................................... 3 Liabilities of common carriers ........................................................ 7 Liabilities, school boards; several, individual ....................................... 43 Liabilities, school board, limits to, bus interior/exterior ........................... 31 Liabilities ........................................................................... 44 Liability because belts not installed ................................................. 41 Liability decreased by installing seatbelts ........................................... 42 Liability decreases? .................................................................. 7 Liability due to uncorrected raucousness on bus ....................................... 43 Liability from seatbelt installation? ................................................. 7 Liability if no seatbelts are provided ................................................ 6 Liability linked to quality of safety instruction ..................................... 41 Liability linked to passengers' age and experience .................................... 41 Liability linked to bus design and maintenance ........................................ 41 Liability linked to youth of students ................................................. 42 Liability linked to driving ........................................................... 41 Liability linked to lack of safety equipment .......................................... 41 Liability linked to quality of bus supervision ........................................ 41 Liability of common carriers .......................................................... 41 Liability potential ................................................................... 42 Liability reduced by seatbelt installation ............................................ 7
------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
Page Count: 67 of 79
Page 57
Liability related to students' age .................................................... 41 Liability related to lack of safety equipment ......................................... 42 Liability standard not always held high ............................................... 42 Liability, aspects of ................................................................. 41 Liability, aspects of ................................................................. 41 Liability, aspects of ................................................................. 41 Liability, fraudulent avoidance of seatbelts .......................................... 41 Liability, increased if belts not used correctly? ..................................... 41 Liability, individual, school-board members ........................................... 43 Liability, personal, school administrator ............................................. 42 Liability, personal, school officer ................................................... 42 Liability, possible, school board ..................................................... 41 Liability, school board ............................................................... 7 Liability, school district, failure to use belt ....................................... 41 Liability, school district, failure to use belt ....................................... 41 Liability, school district ............................................................ 41 Liability, school officials ........................................................... 3 Liability ............................................................................. 43 Lightweight belt buckles recommended (NCSSB) .......................................... 44 Limits to a school board's liability, bus interior/exterior ........................... 31 Little time is needed to train kids to use belts ...................................... 36 Lobby of bus industry ................................................................. 4 Lobby, school-bus manufacturers, effects of ........................................... 23 Lobby, transportation, effects of ..................................................... 23 Logical flaw, fundamental, Report 222 ................................................. 17 Loss of control by drivers is common in crashes ....................................... 27
M
Maintenance of seatbelts too difficult? ............................................... 35 Maintenance, belt, proper ............................................................. 7 Mandate for improved school bus regulation, 1974 ...................................... 24 Mandate for seatbelts on school buses--none ........................................... 25 Mandate, federal, lacking for school-bus seatbelts .................................... 19 Mandates, request for seatbelt legislation ............................................ 22 Manufacturers, school bus, retooling needed? .......................................... 21 Maximum practicable crash protection needed, NTSB ..................................... 24 Medical College of Virginia ....................................................... 10, 21 Medical College of Virginia ........................................................... 10, 21 Medical associations misquoted and misrepresented ..................................... 4 Medical costs ......................................................................... 6 Medical endorsements .................................................................. 18 Medical endorsements .................................................................. 18 Medical endorsements ................................................................. l8 Medical endorsements ................................................................. l8 Medical endorsements .................................................................. l8 Medical endorsements .................................................................. l8 Medical endorsements .................................................................. 18 Medical endorsements ................................................................. l8 Medical organizations ................................................................. 18 Medical positions ..................................................................... 18 Medical positions ..................................................................... 18 Medical positions ..................................................................... 18 Medical positions ..................................................................... 18[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]
------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 68 of 79
Page 58
Medical positions ..................................................................... 18 Medical positions ..................................................................... 18 Medical positions ..................................................................... 18 Michigan, Univ. of, critique of Transport Canada School Bus Safety Study .............. 37 Minimum federal construction standards ................................................ 19 Misinterpretation of limited test data ................................................ 22 Misleading school-bus safety record ............................................. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43 Misleading school-bus safety record ................................................... 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43 Misleading school-bus safety record .......................................... 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43 Misleading school-bus safety record ................................................ 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43 Misleading school-bus safety record ................................................... 43 Misleading school-bus safety record ....................................... 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43 Misleading school-bus safety record ................................... 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43 Misleading school-bus safety record ................................... 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43 Misquoted studies ..................................................................... 4 Misquotes & misrepresentations of doctors & med. assns ................................ 4 Misquoting ............................................................................ 10, 19, 21 Misquoting ........................................................................ 10, 19, 21 Misquoting .................................................................... 10, 19, 21 Misrepresentation of position/s ....................................................... 19 Misrepresentations & misquotes of doctors & med. assns. ............................... 4 Misrepresentations .................................................................... 21 Monitoring of seatbelt usage .......................................................... 7 Monitors needed to keep people seated? ................................................ 5 Monitors, are they really necessary? .................................................. 5 Moral support, NTSB, seatbelts ........................................................ 23 Moving about the bus .................................................................. 21 NAS (National Academy of Sciences ..................................................... 16
N
NASS statistics/data .................................................................. 27 NCSSB (National Coalition for Seat Belts on School Buses) ............................. 39 NCSSB (National Coalition for Seatbelts on School Buses) .......................... 19, 41, 44 NCSSB (National Coalition for Seatbelts on School Buses) .............................. 19, 41, 44 NCSSB (National Coalition for Seatbelts on School Buses) .............................. 19 NCSSB (National Coalition for Seatbelts on School Buses) .............................. 19, 41, 44 NCSSB (National Coalition for Seatbelts on School Buses) ...................... 19, 41, 44 NCSSB guidelines to seatbelt installation ............................................. 44 NCSSB .............................................................................. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43, 44 NCSSB ........................................................................ 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43, 44 NCSSB ..................................................................... 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43, 44 NCSSB ................................................................................. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43, 44 NCSSB ................................................................................. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43, 44 NCSSB ................................................................................. 44 NCSSB ............................................................. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43, 44 NCSSB ................................................................ 3 , 4, 5, 6, 8, 43, 44 NCSSB ................................................................................. 43 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) ................................ 3 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Admin.) .................................... 4, 10 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) .................... 3, 10, 19, 22, 24, 25 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) ................................ 37 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) ........................ 3, 10, 19, 22, 24, 25[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]
[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 69 of 79
Page 59
NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) ................................ 3 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ................................. 25 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) ................................ 3, 10, 19, 22, 24, 25 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) ................................ 10 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ................................. 25 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) ................ 3, 10, 19, 22, 24, 25 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Admin.) ........................................ 4, 10 NHTSA Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) .......................................... 24 NHTSA Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) .......................................... 24 NHTSA does not err on the side of safety! ............................................. 27 NHTSA lap-belt-head-injury studies .................................................... 32 NHTSA recommended seatbelt use in early 1970s! ........................................ 24 NHTSA seems to refuse to look at own data ............................................. 27 NHTSA study, 1978, head injury levels not critical .................................... 10 NHTSA study, 1978 ..................................................................... 10 NHTSA supports district decisions for belts ........................................... 19 NHTSA's National Accident Sampling System (NASS) ...................................... 28 NHTSA's position re seatbelts on school buses ......................................... 10 NRC (National Research Council), operating agency of NAS .............................. 16 NRC (National Research Council) ....................................................... 25 NSBCA (National School Bus Contractors' Association) .................................. 23 NSC (National Safety Council) ......................................................... 19, 24 NSC (National Safety Congress) ........................................................ 26 NSC (National Safety Council) ..................................................... 19, 24 NSSC (National School Safety Center) .................................................. 20 NSTA (National School Transportation Association) ..................................... 23 NSTA (National School Transportation Association) ..................................... 23 NSTC (National Safety Town Center) .................................................... 19 NTSA (National School Transportation Association) ..................................... 2 NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) ....................................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) ........................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) ....................................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) seatbelt recommendations .................. 5 NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) ................................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) ........................................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) ....................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) ............................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) ................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) ........................................... 36 NTSB 1983 letter to Governors ......................................................... 24 NTSB Highway Accident Division ........................................................ 27 NTSB accident data, 1967-1983 ......................................................... 24 NTSB attests (1982) to value of seatbelts ............................................. 36 NTSB moral support for seatbelts ...................................................... 23 NTSB notes (1982) "unquestioned benefit" of belts ..................................... 36 NTSB official Barry Sweedler .......................................................... 4 NTSB recognizes value of seatbelts in large bus ....................................... 26 NTSB recognizes value of seatbelts in large bus ....................................... 26 NTSB study, post-1977 injury-producing accidents ...................................... 27 NTSB suggested States require seatbelted drivers ...................................... 25
[Title Page ] [Preface to 1996 Edition ] [About the Author ] [Foreword to 1990 Edition ] [Table of Contents ] [Main Body ] [Appendix A. Compartmentalization ] [Appendix B. TRB Special Report 222, May 1989 ] [Appendix C. Endorsements ] [Appendix D. Testimonials ] [Appendix E. Studies and Recommendations ] [Appendix F. Legalities ] [Appendix G. Guidelines to Seatbelt Implementation] [INDEX ]------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 70 of 79
Page 60
NTSB supports decision to install bus seatbelts! ...................................... 25 NTSB's soft stand on school-bus seat belts ............................................ 4 NTSB .................................................................................. 26 NYCSBU (New York Coalition for Safety Belt Use) ....................................... 37 NYSAPT (New York State Association for Pupil Transportation) changes to support ....... 39 NYSED (New York State Education Department) ........................................... 38 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) .................................................... 16 National Coalition for Seatbelts on School Buses (NCSSB) .......................... 19, 41, 44 National Coalition for Seat Belts on School Buses (NCSSB) ............................. 39 National Coalition for Seatbelts on School Buses (NCSSB) .............................. 19, 41, 44 National Coalition for Seatbelts on School Buses (NCSSB) ...................... 19, 41, 44 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) ................................ 24 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) ............ 3, 10, 19, 22, 24, 25, 37 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) ................................ 37 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) ........................................ 4 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) .................... 3, 10, 19, 22, 24, 25, 37 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) ................................ 24 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) ................................ 20 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) ........................................ 4, 10 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) ............................ 3, 10, 19, 22, 24, 25, 37 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) ................................ 19 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) ........ 3, 10, 19, 22, 24, 25, 37 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) ................................ 3, 10, 19, 22, 24, 25, 37 National PTA Convention, 1985 ......................................................... 19 National PTA .......................................................................... 19 National Research Council's TRB ....................................................... 25 National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, Special Report 222 .......... 16 National Research Council (NRC), operating agency of NAS .............................. 16 National Safety Congress (NSC) ........................................................ 26 National Safety Council (NSC) ......................................................... 19, 24 National Safety Council (NSC) ..................................................... 19, 24 National Safety Town Center (NSTC) .................................................... 19 National School Bus Contractors' Association (NSBCA) .................................. 23 National School Safety Center (NSSC) .................................................. 20 National School Transportation Association (NSTA) ................................. 2, 23 National School Transportation Association (NSTA) ..................................... 2, 23 National School Transportation Association (NSTA) ................................. 2, 23 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) ................................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) seatbelt recommendations .................. 5 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) ............................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) ....................................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) ........................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) ....................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) .......................................... 36 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) ................... 5, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) seatbelt recommendations .................. 5 Negative education, no belts on school buses" ......................................... 27 Negative education ............................................................. 4, 5, 22 Negative education ............................................................. 4, 5, 22 Negative education .................................................................... 5
------------------------------------- page break -------------------------------------
©Stephen A. Langford, Oro Valley, Arizona, 7 September 1996
Page Count: 71 of 79
Page 61
Negative education ................................................................. 4, 5, 22 Negative learning experience .......................................................... 22 Negative training ..................................................................... 5 Negligence, charge of, if no seatbelts are provided ................................... 6 New York Coalition for Safety Belt Use (NYCSBU) ....................................... 39 New York State April 1986 report by Sen. Norman J. Levy ............................... 36 New York State Association for Pupil Transportation (NYSAPT) changes to support ....... 39 New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Ronald Segedy, Asst. Commissioner .. 38 New York State Education Department (NYSED) ........................................... 38 New York State Findings and Conclusions, Levy Report .................................. 38 New York State PTA .................................................................... 39 New York State regulations ............................................................ 44 New York school-bus drivers (Greenburgh) wrote safety pamphlet ........................ 5 New York school-bus-seatbelt law passed in 1986, but injuries/deaths continue even there 3 New York seatbacks, 28" high .......................................................... 8 New York seatbelt law ................................................................. 3 New York, Ardsley Union Free School District .......................................... 21 New York, Greenburgh Central School District .......................................... 6 New bus construction requirements ..................................................... 18 New-York seatback type = 28-inch type ................................................. 29 No NTSB mandate for seatbelts on school buses ......................................... 25 Nonuse of driver seatbelt causes control loss ..................................... 25, 26 Nonuse of driver seatbelt causes control loss ......................................... 25, 26
O
Objectivity, scientific, not always the best perspective .............................. 17 Obstinacy of "certain public officials ................................................ 35 Obstinacy, NHTSA against seatbelts .................................................... 27 Obstinacy, school-transportation officials ............................................ 4 Occupant restraint, Federal standards ................................................. 25 Occupant-restraint system = compartmentalization?!? ................................... 10 Older children help younger ones ...................................................... 36 Opposition by school bus transportation officials ..................................... 4 Opposition to seatbelt installation ................................................... 21 Opposition to seatbelts on school buses, active ....................................... 21 Optimum belt